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 Post subject: Sea life 'killed by exploding star'
PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 8:39 am 
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In the spirit of disasters that can hit us. This one can come from very far (unlike a supervolcano) and it seems like not much could be done about this...

Sea life 'killed by exploding star'
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story ... 94,00.html
Alok Jha, science correspondent
Monday April 11, 2005
The Guardian

A huge blast of radiation from an exploding star might have been behind one of the Earth's worst mass extinctions, some 450m years ago.

In the latest issue of the Astrophysical Journal Letters, scientists argue that a gamma ray burst, the most powerful explosion that occurs in the universe, was responsible for the Ordovican mass extinction in which 60% of all marine invertebrates died.

Gamma ray bursts are thought to be caused either when two neutron stars collide or when giant stars collapse into black holes at the end of their lives.

Article continues
For around 10 seconds, intense pulses of energy are fired off, which can be detected right across the universe. All the bursts recorded by astronomers so far have come from distant galaxies and are therefore harmless to the Earth.

But if a burst occurred in our own galaxy, the effect would be devastating.

Dr Adrian Melott, of the University of Kansas and an author of the latest paper, said: "A gamma ray burst originating within 6,000 light years from Earth would have a devastating effect on life.

"We don't know exactly when one came, but we're rather sure it did come - and left its mark."

Such a burst would strip the Earth of its protective ozone layer, allowing deadly ultraviolet radiation to pour down from the sun.

Computer models showed that up to half the ozone layer could be destroyed within weeks. Five years later, at least 10% would still be missing.

Using computer models, the researchers calculated that plankton and other life in the first few feet of the oceans would have been destroyed.

The knock-on effect would have been huge: plankton are at the bottom of the marine food chain providing for animals which are then preyed upon by larger species.

Previously, scientists thought that an ice age caused the Ordovican extinction. A gamma ray burst would have had a similar effect, causing a fast die-off early on and triggering a significant drop in surface temperature.

Astronomers are planning to launch a robot spacecraft to study the mysterious gamma ray bursts further.

Because the bursts happen suddenly and are so short, scientists have been lucky to detect one a month with instruments on Earth.

Next month, Nasa will launch the £138m Swift probe, which will sweep up to one sixth of the sky at a time, looking for sudden bursts. If all goes well, the probe could catch two three explosions a week.

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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 1:13 pm 
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NASA's sending up a satellite to try and prevent an exploding star from killing us all? I think I found the money to expand the food stamps program.

Seriously, I'm of the school of thought that you prevent what you can, but if the Earth wants to explode or space wants to burn the Earth into a smoky match head or fling another planet suddenly into us ... well, then that's just our time to go.

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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 1:27 pm 
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just_b wrote:
NASA's sending up a satellite to try and prevent an exploding star from killing us all? I think I found the money to expand the food stamps program.


Obviously, this is not the objective of this mission.

Taken from NASA`s Switf Mission page:

The main mission objectives for Swift are to:
* Determine the origin of gamma-ray bursts
* Classify gamma-ray bursts and search for new types
* Determine how the blastwave evolves and interacts with the surroundings
* Use gamma-ray bursts to study the early universe
* Perform the first sensitive hard X-ray survey of the sky

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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 2:38 pm 
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Our universe is both wondrous and terrifying for a little ol' human.


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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 2:42 pm 
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just_b wrote:
NASA's sending up a satellite to try and prevent an exploding star from killing us all?


Where did you read this in the article? I read that the mission was purely for research purposes. Talk about jumping to conclusions.


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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 3:24 pm 
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When the time comes, can't we just get Bruce Willis to save us?


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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 3:30 pm 
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mikef wrote:
When the time comes, can't we just get Bruce Willis to save us?


He only does the asteroids, this is something completely different I'm afraid. :)

When you think of the whole list of global scale, armageddon style distasters that await humanity, and then look at what wars are fought for here on this blue dot... must be kind of funny to watch from the outside.

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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 3:42 pm 
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Chris_H_2 wrote:
just_b wrote:
NASA's sending up a satellite to try and prevent an exploding star from killing us all?


Where did you read this in the article? I read that the mission was purely for research purposes. Talk about jumping to conclusions.


My mistake, they're sending a up a satellite to try and determine if an exploding star could have killed off life on Earth. I still think that's poor allocation of tax dollars.

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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 3:43 pm 
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2010 watch it go to fire.

?


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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 3:51 pm 
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just_b wrote:
Chris_H_2 wrote:
just_b wrote:
NASA's sending up a satellite to try and prevent an exploding star from killing us all?


Where did you read this in the article? I read that the mission was purely for research purposes. Talk about jumping to conclusions.


My mistake, they're sending a up a satellite to try and determine if an exploding star could have killed off life on Earth. I still think that's poor allocation of tax dollars.


I think most of NASA is poor allocation of tax dollars.


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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 3:52 pm 
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just_b wrote:
Chris_H_2 wrote:
just_b wrote:
NASA's sending up a satellite to try and prevent an exploding star from killing us all?


Where did you read this in the article? I read that the mission was purely for research purposes. Talk about jumping to conclusions.


My mistake, they're sending a up a satellite to try and determine if an exploding star could have killed off life on Earth. I still think that's poor allocation of tax dollars.


No, they are sending the satellite to study gamma ray bursts, to learn more about the universe. I don't think it's poor allocation of tax dollars at all.

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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 3:55 pm 
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Ender wrote:
just_b wrote:
Chris_H_2 wrote:
just_b wrote:
NASA's sending up a satellite to try and prevent an exploding star from killing us all?


Where did you read this in the article? I read that the mission was purely for research purposes. Talk about jumping to conclusions.


My mistake, they're sending a up a satellite to try and determine if an exploding star could have killed off life on Earth. I still think that's poor allocation of tax dollars.


No, they are sending the satellite to study gamma ray bursts, to learn more about the universe. I don't think it's poor allocation of tax dollars at all.


I think the majority of NASA is a poor allocation of tax dollars, but I think I ranted on this in another thread, so I won't derail this thread with my bitching.

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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 4:13 pm 
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just_b wrote:
Ender wrote:
just_b wrote:
Chris_H_2 wrote:
just_b wrote:
NASA's sending up a satellite to try and prevent an exploding star from killing us all?


Where did you read this in the article? I read that the mission was purely for research purposes. Talk about jumping to conclusions.


My mistake, they're sending a up a satellite to try and determine if an exploding star could have killed off life on Earth. I still think that's poor allocation of tax dollars.


No, they are sending the satellite to study gamma ray bursts, to learn more about the universe. I don't think it's poor allocation of tax dollars at all.


I think the majority of NASA is a poor allocation of tax dollars, but I think I ranted on this in another thread, so I won't derail this thread with my bitching.


I respectfully disagree.

http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2004-01-21-eicher_x.htm

Quote:
Despite far-reaching goals, NASA benefits Earth most
By David J. Eicher
The next time you reach for your cell phone, thank NASA. If your doctor recommends an MRI, thank NASA. The space agency deserves another moment of gratitude when you pop in a DVD and settle back for a good movie, or when you reach for a composite golf club, hoping to out-drive your buddies. And think of NASA when a smoke detector blares to save your life.
NASA often is relegated to elitist-bureaucracy status, seen as driven by starry-eyed scientists looking to grab funds away from better use on Earth. But since the days of Apollo, NASA has contributed to the technological advancement of everyday life on Earth as much as — and maybe more than — anything else. That's why President Bush's new space initiative, while expensive, will pay back incalculable dividends to everyone on Earth during the coming decades, just as the Apollo program did.

Bush and NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe contend that "seed money" of $1 billion during the next five years will initiate this bold new move, which includes a return to the moon by about 2015, construction of a lunar base five years later and a manned mission to Mars by about 2030.

They suggest the bulk of this money will come from shifting priorities within NASA's budget, now $15.5 billion annually. Indeed, the price will be high in both cost and priorities; the Hubble Space Telescope, for example, will be doomed because it no longer will be serviced after the musty and unreliable fleet of space shuttles is relegated to the Smithsonian.

Windfall for astronomy

But the shock waves emanating from a change from low-Earth orbit, with its limited scientific value, to deep-space exploration will rock the science world. Much of what will follow could be done robotically and — in the short term — for a lower cost. Ultimately, however, what must be done on the moon and on Mars can be done only with a human on site, making the immediate decisions that a computer cannot.

Astronomers and planetary scientists will experience a windfall if the Bush initiative receives congressional blessing. What humans learn about the moon and the Red Planet will put the big questions of the rarity of life in the universe into stark perspective and will tell us much about Earth's own future, the fate of the solar system and our cosmic genesis.

Humans stand on the threshold of answering these questions: how the universe formed, how we came to be and where it is all going. That kind of explorative curiosity — "to see what's over the next hill," as O'Keefe puts it — is, after all, the most important thing that separates humans from Douglas firs.

Technological advances

Even those without a passion for exploration will see big gains right here on the home planet as engineers push technology and innovation forward. New exploration vehicles will spur changes in aircraft travel on Earth. Education will get the spark it so desperately needs as space exploration once again fires the imaginations of millions of children.

Most of the gains, however, will be at the everyday-life level. The money will be used to employ thousands and push technology to unknowable heights.

Forty years ago, NASA engineers didn't start one Monday morning by saying, "Gee, I think I'll work on microchip technology that, 30 years downstream, will lead to digital cameras." But that's what happened. The technological gains that come out of research arise from a kind of ripple effect: advance on top of advance, technology growing out of technology.

Those who control NASA's budget cannot predict the most exciting things that will change the way we live our lives a generation hence. But they will find new technology, and Americans will use it, just as we now use GPS receivers, ski jackets and plastic bags for our leftovers. Even those unmoved by human exploration will see everyday advances well worth NASA's new budget.

Regrettably, Bush did not further outline his plans in Tuesday's State of the Union address. We will need to wait to understand the initiative's details. But one thing already is clear: If his plans become reality, the moon and Mars will be new worlds — and so will Earth.

David J. Eicher is the editor of Astronomy magazine. He is the author of seven books on astronomy and has a minor planet, 3617 Eicher, named for him.

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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 4:29 pm 
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It's just my personal opinion that it hasn't been worth billions of dollars to speed up inventions like teflon, cell phones, dvds, digital cameras, GPS, ski jackets, and plastic bags. These are all great things, but it's not like we found them in space. We invented the technology while trying to get to space. How many billions was it worth to have DVDs in the 90's instead of in 2010? I would have gone without DVDs if it meant that money could feed people, house people, cure cancer, stop AIDS, etc.

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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 4:31 pm 
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just_b wrote:
It's just my personal opinion that it hasn't been worth billions of dollars to speed up inventions like teflon, cell phones, dvds, digital cameras, GPS, ski jackets, and plastic bags. These are all great things, but it's not like we found them in space. We invented the technology while trying to get to space. How many billions was it worth to have DVDs in the 90's instead of in 2010? I would have gone without DVDs if it meant that money could feed people, house people, cure cancer, stop AIDS, etc.

Solid arguments could be made that world would be a better place without all of those things.

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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 4:36 pm 
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just_b wrote:
Chris_H_2 wrote:
just_b wrote:
NASA's sending up a satellite to try and prevent an exploding star from killing us all?


Where did you read this in the article? I read that the mission was purely for research purposes. Talk about jumping to conclusions.


My mistake, they're sending a up a satellite to try and determine if an exploding star could have killed off life on Earth. I still think that's poor allocation of tax dollars.


Space is neato, Just_B, but I'm completely in your boat. This is a pointless waste of money that could be better used elsewhere.

If we're gonna go nuclear, knowing about it a week ahead of time isn't going to stop us. It's not like you can just put up an embrella and everything will be ok.

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PostPosted: Tue Apr 12, 2005 4:43 pm 
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NaiveAndTrue wrote:
Space is neato, Just_B, but I'm completely in your boat. This is a pointless waste of money that could be better used elsewhere.

If we're gonna go nuclear, knowing about it a week ahead of time isn't going to stop us. It's not like you can just put up an embrella and everything will be ok.


Just to keep this from going downhill fast, I don't think that all space exploration is a "pointless waste of money." I think NASA is overfunded and many, many missions are largely unneccesary, but I haven't yet decided that NASA is completely useless.

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PostPosted: Wed Apr 13, 2005 12:41 pm 
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just_b wrote:
NaiveAndTrue wrote:
Space is neato, Just_B, but I'm completely in your boat. This is a pointless waste of money that could be better used elsewhere.

If we're gonna go nuclear, knowing about it a week ahead of time isn't going to stop us. It's not like you can just put up an embrella and everything will be ok.


Just to keep this from going downhill fast, I don't think that all space exploration is a "pointless waste of money." I think NASA is overfunded and many, many missions are largely unneccesary, but I haven't yet decided that NASA is completely useless.


I definately agree that it's not all waste of money at all. I think I can tell of myself that I am a space exploration ethusiast, so maybe I'm a bit biased but...

I guess I mentioned it a few times before when this subject came up - I can understand why people think space exploaration is at best a weird way to spend tax money. It seems so abstract, so Star Trek or Star Wars. But fact is that, apart from driving development of hightech technologies, space exploration is simply put a must if our species is to survive.

Just to give you an example - I guess most of you heard that we have problems with the ozone layer. It is being destroyed mostly by so called CFC compounds that we use for cooling. If I remember correctly it's the chlorine in the CFC (CFC stands for Chlorine Fluorine Carbon) that causes the most damage. Without the ozone layer, the harmful ultraviolet radiation gets through and all life is destroyed (the gamma ray burts also destroy the ozone laye btw).

The damaging effect of CFC on the ozone layer wasn't known until scientists started studying the atmosphere of Venus. The atmosphere of Venus consists, among other things, of chlorine and fluorine. This was a NASA funded researched. It seemed so abstarct yet it relvealed a serious threat to our own atmosphere and all life on Earth.

Then there are the ateroids and comets. One of them is eventually going to hit the Earth if we don't do something about it. This is not just a script for the movie Deep Impact or Amageddon - it's the reality.

If humanity wants to survive - we have to engage in space exploration.

Yes, it costs a lot of money, but I'm sure a lot of money is really wasted on other things that don't have the potential of saving the human race. I'm sure if you compare the budget of NASA to the one of, say, US Army, the latter is going to look pretty impressive. I don't hear people complaining about stealth bombers that cost a few billion dollars each.

I believe money can be spent in such a way that we can take care of the poor people in our societies, take care education, health etc. and do space exploration.

I'm not saying NASA is perfect or that all research done by NASA is absolutely vital to our survival. I'm just asking you (the figurative you) to see the bigger picture.

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